2000 Surgeon General Report
3521 Volunteer Boulevard
Henderson, NV 89044
From the first Surgeon General’s report in 2000 to the latest findings in 2021, the call has been consistent. To improve health outcomes, oral health must be fully integrated into the broader healthcare system.
2000 Surgeon General Report
In 2000, the U.S. Surgeon General released a landmark report declaring that "oral health is essential to general health." This report highlighted the divide between dental and medical care.
2010 Surgeon General Report Update
The 2010 update emphasized that oral diseases remain prevalent and that many individuals face barriers to accessing care. The report called for enhanced integration of oral health into overall health strategies.
Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges
The 2021 report called for stronger care coordination, expanded infrastructure and a renewed focus on prevention and education to address ongoing challenges.
Oral pathogens can enter the bloodstream and trigger immune responses throughout the body. This inflammatory cascade is linked to chronic conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, several cancers and complications in pregnancy. In fact, eight of the ten leading causes of death in the U.S. are linked to inflammation that can begin in the mouth.
Oral health impacts every system in the body.
To continue to increase awareness about oral-systemic health and the Mouth-Body Connection®, PDS Health works with a wide range of partners to advance research that highlights the benefit of integrated care.
Smile Generation connects patients to trusted dental providers committed to delivering advanced clinical care and an exceptional patient experience. Smile Generation practices regularly educate patients on the Mouth-Body Connection®.
The Mouth-Body Connection® is supported by a growing body of clinical and academic research. This evidence informs the work we do at PDS Health and guides how we partner with researchers, clinicians and organizations across health care.
Explore the research below to see how science is shaping the future of whole-person care.
The role of noninfectious comorbidities in the association between severe infections and risk of dementia in Finland: A nationwide registry study
PLOS Medicine | Sipila | 2026
Successful endodontic treatment improves glucose and lipid metabolism: a longitudinal metabolomic study
Journal of Translational Medicine | Zhang et al | 2025
New Study links oral health to brain aneurysm risk
Dentistry iQ | Garlo-Melkas | 2025
Microbiome signatures of virulence in the oral-gut-brain axis influence Parkinson's disease and cognitive decline pathophysiology
Gut Microbes | Clasen | 2025
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Positive Airway Pressure, and Implications of Early Treatment in Parkinson Disease
JAMA Neurology | Neilson | 2025
Combined Influence of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease on Ischemic Stroke Risk
Neurology Open Access | Wood | 2025
(Not) total recall: What dental hygienists need to know about Alzheimer’s disease and its treatment
The National Magazine For Dental Hygiene Professionals | Viola | 2024
Microglial cell response to experimental periodontal disease
Journal of Neuroinflammation | Almarhoumi | 2023
Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Past, Present, and Future
Cureus | Agrawal | 2022
Periodontal health, cognitive decline, and dementia
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | Asher | 2022
Potential mechanisms between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease
Canadian Dental Hygienists Association | Lamphere | 2022
Periodontal dysbiosis associates with reduced CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal elderly
Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring | Kamer | 2021
Burden of Chronic Diseases Associated with Periodontal Diseases: A retrospective cohort study using UK Primary Care Data
BMJ Open | Zemedikun | 2021
Inflammation of the Periodontium Associates with Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events
Journal of Periodontology | Van Dyke | 2021
Dose-response meta-analysis on tooth loss with the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association | Qi | 2021
Clinical and Bacterial Markers of Periodontitis and Their Association with Incident All-Cause and Alzheimer’s Disease
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease | Beydoun | 2020
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Periodontal and Systemic Implications: A Systematic Review
Dentistry Journal | Fiorillo | 2019
Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains
Science Advances | Dominy | 2019
Borderline HbA1c Levels Among Nondiabetic Patients Associated with Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Epic Research | Bartelt | 2025Download the study >
Preventive dental care is associated with improved health care outcomes and reduced costs for Medicaid members with diabetes
Frontiers in Dental Medicine | Lamster | 2022Download the study >
Oral Health Care and Primary Health Care: Stronger Together in Recognizing and Managing Diabetes
American Dental Education Association | Escontrías | 2022Download the study >
Impact of Treating Oral Disease on Preventing Vascular Diseases: A Model-Based Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Periodontal Treatment Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes Care | Choi | 2020Download the study >
Effect of periodontal treatment on diabetes-related healthcare costs
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care | Smits | 2020Download the study >
Improved oral hygiene is associated with decreased risk of new-onset diabetes
Diabetologia | Chang | 2020Download the study >
Study links frequent tooth brushing to lower risk of diabetes
Diabetologia | EurekAlert | 2020Download the study >
Benefits of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Periodontis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal of Clinical Periodontology | Mauri-Obradors | 2017Download the study >
Periodontitis as a possible early sign of diabetes mellitus
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care | Teeuw | 2016Download the study >
Dental Care for Diabetics: Better Health, Cost Savings
Dental Trade Alliance | Jeffcoat | 2013Download the study >
Effect of Periodontal Disease on Diabetes: Systematic review of epidemiologic observational evidence
Journal of Periodontology | Borgnakke | 2013Download the study >
Diabetes and Oral Disease: Implications for Health Professionals
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Albert | 2012Download the study >
Periodontal disease and diabetes - A two way street
Journal of the American Dental Association | Mealey | 2006Download the study >
Periodontal Disease and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes Care | Saremi | 2005Download the study >
The role of noninfectious comorbidities in the association between severe infections and risk of dementia in Finland: A nationwide registry study
PLOS Medicine | Sipila | 2026
Successful endodontic treatment improves glucose and lipid metabolism: a longitudinal metabolomic study
Journal of Translational Medicine | Zhang et al | 2025
New Study links oral health to brain aneurysm risk
Dentistry iQ | Garlo-Melkas | 2025
Microbiome signatures of virulence in the oral-gut-brain axis influence Parkinson's disease and cognitive decline pathophysiology
Gut Microbes | Clasen | 2025
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Positive Airway Pressure, and Implications of Early Treatment in Parkinson Disease
JAMA Neurology | Neilson | 2025
Combined Influence of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease on Ischemic Stroke Risk
Neurology Open Access | Wood | 2025
(Not) total recall: What dental hygienists need to know about Alzheimer’s disease and its treatment
The National Magazine For Dental Hygiene Professionals | Viola | 2024
Microglial cell response to experimental periodontal disease
Journal of Neuroinflammation | Almarhoumi | 2023
Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Past, Present, and Future
Cureus | Agrawal | 2022
Periodontal health, cognitive decline, and dementia
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | Asher | 2022
Potential mechanisms between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease
Canadian Dental Hygienists Association | Lamphere | 2022
Periodontal dysbiosis associates with reduced CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal elderly
Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring | Kamer | 2021
Burden of Chronic Diseases Associated with Periodontal Diseases: A retrospective cohort study using UK Primary Care Data
BMJ Open | Zemedikun | 2021
Inflammation of the Periodontium Associates with Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events
Journal of Periodontology | Van Dyke | 2021
Dose-response meta-analysis on tooth loss with the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association | Qi | 2021
Clinical and Bacterial Markers of Periodontitis and Their Association with Incident All-Cause and Alzheimer’s Disease
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease | Beydoun | 2020
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Periodontal and Systemic Implications: A Systematic Review
Dentistry Journal | Fiorillo | 2019
Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains
Science Advances | Dominy | 2019
A pro-carcinogenic oral microbe internalized by breast cancer cells promotes mammary tumorigenesis
Cell Communication and Signaling | Parida | 2025 Download the study >
Oral microflora and pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Scientific Reports | Jang | 2021 Download the study >
Periodontal Pathogens and Preterm Birth: Current Knowledge and Further Interventions
Pathogens | Terzic | 2021 Download the study >
Assessing the Association Between Periodontitis and Premature Birth: A Case-control Study
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Uwambaye | 2021 Download the study >
Treating periodontal disease during pregnancy
European Federation of Periodontology | Bobetsis | 2020 Download the study >
Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy Outcomes: Overview of Systematic Reviews
JDR Clinical & Translational Research | Daalderop | 2018 Download the study >
Role of Maternal Periodontitis in Preterm Birth
Frontiers in Immunology | Ren | 2017 Download the study >
Oral Health in Pregnancy
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing | Hartnett | 2016 Download the study >
Fusobacterium nucleatum Subspecies Identification by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Clinical Microbiology | Nie | 2015 Download the study >
Fusobacterium Nucleatum: A Commensal-Turned Pathogen
Current Opinion in Microbiology | Han | 2015 Download the study >
Oral Health Care During Pregnancy and Through the Lifespan
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists | Douglas | 2013 Download the study >
Periodontal Disease: a potential modifiable risk factor limiting conception
Human Reproduction | Hart | 2012 Download the study >
The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions
American Dental Association | Patton | 2012 Download the study >
An Examination of Periodontal Treatment, Dental Care, and Pregnancy Outcomes in an Insured Population in the United States
American Journal of Public Health | Albert | 2011 Download the study >
Term Stillbirth Caused by Oral Fusobacterium Nucleatum
Obstetrics & Gynecology | Han | 2011 Download the study >
Periodontitis: A risk for delivery of premature labor and low-birth-weight infants
Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine | Saini | 2010 Download the study >
Periodontal Pathogens and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Journal of Dental Research | Dasanayake | 2008 Download the study >
Exploring the relationship between periodontal disease and pregnancy complications
Journal of the American Dental Association | Bobetsis | 2006 Download the study >
Oral Heathcare Can't Wait - Patient
Dental Trade Alliance | 2023 Download the study >
Oral Heathcare Can't Wait - Congress
Dental Trade Alliance | 2023 Download the study >
Oral Healthcare Can't Wait - Business
Dental Trade Alliance | 2023 Download the study >
Association between preventive dental care and healthcare cost for enrollees with diabetes or coronary artery disease: 5-year experience
Compendium | Borah | 2022 Download the study >
Dental Services and Health Outcomes in the New York State Medicaid Program
Journal of Dental Research | Lamster | 2021 Download the study >
Reimbursement Rates for Child and Adult Dental Services in Medicaid by State
American Dental Association | 2021 Download the study >
Time to take gum disease seriously: The societal and economic impact of periodontitis
The Economist Intelligence Unit | 2021 Download the study >
Effect of periodontal treatment on diabetes-related healthcare costs: A retrospective study
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care | Smits | 2020 Download the study >
Clinical Insights Drive Better Outcomes
Cigna | 2019 Download the study >
Improved Health and Lower Medical Costs - Why good dental care is important
Cigna | 2016 Download the study >
Economic Costs of Oral Care in the United States in 2014
American Society of Health Economists | Kelekar | 2016 Download the study >
Evaluation of Cost Savings Associated with Periodontal Disease Treatment Benefits
Avalere Health | 2016 Download the study >
Oral Health and the Triple Aim: Evidence and Strategies to Improve Care and Reduce Costs
National Academy for State Health Policy | Andrew Snyder | 2015 Download the study >
Connections Matter: How Integrating Medical and Dental Data Improves Member Health and Lowers Cost for Employers
Aetna | 2013Download the study >
A pro-carcinogenic oral microbe internalized by breast cancer cells promotes mammary tumorigenesis
John Hopkins| Parida| 2026
A High-Sensitivity, Bluetooth-Enabled PCB Biosensor for HER2 and CA15-3 Protein Detection in Saliva: A Rapid, Non-Invasive Approach to Breast Cancer Screening
Biosensors | Wan | 2025 Download the study >
Oral Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome and Subsequent Risk for Pancreatic Cancer
JAMA Oncology | Meng | 2025 Download the study >
A distinct Fusobacterium nucleatum clade dominates the colorectal cancer niche
Nature | Zepeda-Rivera | 2024 Download the study >
Human gut, breast, and oral microbiome in breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Frontiers in Oncology | Thu | 2023 Download the study >
Periodontal disease as a risk factor for sporadic colorectal cancer: Results from COLDENT study
Results from COLDENT study | Cancer Causes & Control | Janati | 2022 Download the study >
Periodontal Disease, Tooth Loss, and Risk of Serrated Polyps and Conventional Adenomas
American Association for Cancer Research | Lo | 2020 Download the study >
Mediators of Inflammation – A Potential Source of Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Journal of Immunology Research | Tampa | 2018 Download the study >
Salivary Biomarkers in Cancer Detection
Medical Oncology | Wang | 2017 Download the study >
Variations of Oral Microbiota Are Associated with Pancreatic Disease Including Pancreatic Cancer
Gut | Farrell | 2012 Download the study >
Oral Microbiota and Cancer
Journal of Oral Microbiology | Meurman | 2010 Download the study >
The role of salivary metabolomics in chronic periodontitis: bridging oral and systemic diseases
MDPI | Albahri | 2025
Active Matrixmetalloproteinase-8 in Periodontal Diagnosis: A Scoping Review
MDPI | Goyal | 2025 Download the study >
Spit Science: Why Saliva Is A Great Way To Detect Disease
SF Study Finds | The Conversation | 2025 Download the study >
Inflammasome targeting for periodontitis prevention is sexdependent
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) | Alves et al | 2025 Download the study >
Fusobacterium in the microbiome: from health to disease across the oral–gut axis and beyond
Biofilms and Microbiomes | Cafiero | 2021
Predictive Periodontitis: The Most Promising Salivary Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Periodontitis
Journal of Clinical Medicine | Cafiero | 2021 Download the study >
The Potential Impact of Salivary IL-1 on the Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease: A Pilot Study
Healthcare | Kim | 2021 Download the study >
aMMP-8 Point-of-Care/Chairside Oral Fluid Technology as a Rapid, Non-Invasive Tool for Periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis Screening in a Medical Care Setting
Diagnostics | Lähteenmäki | 2020 Download the study >
Prediabetes/Diabetes Can Be Screened at the Dental Office by a Low-Cost and Fast Chair-Side/Point-of-Care aMMP-8 Immunotest
Diagnostics | Grigoriadis | 2019 Download the study >
Novel Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction
Journal of Geriatric Cardiology | Wang | 2017 Download the study >
Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies
The Lancet | Sarwar | 2012 Download the study >
Gingival crevicular fluid MMP-8-concentrations in patients after acute myocardial infarction
Head & Face Medicine | Ehlers | 2011 Download the study >
High Frequency Ultrasound Attenuation of Periodontal Soft Tissues for In Vivo Characterization
Cornell University | Poul | 2026
How will periodontitis impact US adults in 2050? New research from JADA highlights growing national disparity
Dentistry iQ | Butkovic | 2026 Download the study >
For Patients, Shared Medical Records Enable Safer Dental Visits
Epic | 2026 Download the study >
Large real-world database links periodontitis to higher rates of MI, stroke, and AF
British Dental Journal | Obrotka | 2025 Download the study >
Rethinking periodontal care: A medical condition with a dental solution
Dental Economics | Schwerdy | 2025 Download the study >
The Medical-Dental Divide Is Harming Your Patients
Medscape | Schwerdy | 2025 Download the study >
Root Canal Treatment could significantly lower blood sugar levels, study suggests
The Gaurdian | Sample | 2025 Download the study >
The root of the matter: Linking oral health to chronic diseases prevention
International Journal of Cardiology | D’Aiuto | 2025 Download the study >
Oral Health In America: Advances and Challenges (2021)
National Institutes of Health | 2021 Download the study >
Current Knowledge on Correlations Between Highly Prevalent Dental Conditions and Chronic Diseases: An Umbrella Review
Preventing Chronic Disease | Seitz | 2019 Download the study >
Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease
Biomedical Journal | Bui | 2018 Download the study >
The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions
American Dental Association | Patton | 2012 Download the study >
Oral Health: The Silent Epidemic (2010)
Public Health Reports | 2010 Download the study >
Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General (2000)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | 2000 Download the study >
Help shape the future of health care.
We’re advancing integrated care and building new ways to improve patient health.